如何用英文表达“直接资料”？

"Direct Evidence" in English: A Comprehensive Guide

In academic, legal, and research contexts, the term "direct evidence" is crucial for understanding the nature and reliability of the information being presented. Direct evidence refers to information or materials that are obtained firsthand and are used to prove a point or support a claim. This article aims to provide a comprehensive guide on how to express "direct evidence" in English, including its various forms and contexts.

Basic Expression

The most straightforward way to express "direct evidence" in English is simply by using the term "direct evidence" itself. This is the most common and universally understood term in both formal and informal contexts.

Example:

The direct evidence provided by the witness was crucial in establishing the defendant's guilt.

Synonyms and Alternatives

There are several synonyms and alternative expressions that can be used to convey the same meaning as "direct evidence."

Firsthand evidence: This term emphasizes that the evidence is obtained directly from the source, without any intermediaries.
Primary evidence: Similar to firsthand evidence, this term suggests that the evidence is the original source material.
Original evidence: This term is often used in legal contexts to indicate that the evidence is not a copy or a reproduction but the original document or item.
Direct proof: This expression is often used in legal and academic settings to denote evidence that directly supports a claim or conclusion.

Examples:

The firsthand evidence of the incident was compelling.
The primary evidence from the archaeological dig was groundbreaking.
The original evidence of the crime scene was crucial for the investigation.
The direct proof of the theory was presented in the latest research paper.

Phrases and Expressions

In addition to the basic term and its synonyms, there are several phrases and expressions that can be used to describe direct evidence in a more nuanced way.

Concrete evidence: This phrase is used to describe evidence that is tangible and can be physically observed or touched.
Tangible evidence: Similar to concrete evidence, this term is used to emphasize the physical nature of the evidence.
Clear and convincing evidence: This expression is often used in legal contexts to describe evidence that is both direct and compelling.
Direct and substantial evidence: This phrase is used to highlight the directness and significance of the evidence.

Examples:

The concrete evidence of the accident was the damaged vehicle.
The tangible evidence of the theft was the missing items.
The clear and convincing evidence of the crime was the fingerprints found at the scene.
The direct and substantial evidence of the fraud was the forged documents.

Contextual Usage

The way "direct evidence" is expressed can vary depending on the context in which it is used. Here are some examples of how the term might be used in different contexts:

Academic: "The direct evidence from the experiment supports the hypothesis that the new drug is effective."
Legal: "The direct evidence presented by the plaintiff is sufficient to prove the defendant's liability."
Medical: "The direct evidence of the patient's condition is the presence of the tumor in the scan."
Business: "The direct evidence of the market trend is the increasing sales figures over the past quarter."

In conclusion, "direct evidence" is a term that is widely recognized and used in various English-speaking contexts. Whether you are writing an academic paper, preparing a legal case, or presenting findings in a business setting, understanding how to express "direct evidence" in English is essential for clear and effective communication. By using the term itself, its synonyms, alternative expressions, and contextual phrases, you can effectively convey the importance and nature of the evidence you are presenting.